A new look at deep-sea microbes
Study looks at life inside and outside of seafloor hydrocarbon seeps


Date:
July 9, 2020
Source:
University of Delaware
Summary:
Microbes found deeper in the ocean are believed to have slow
population turnover rates and low amounts of available energy. But
a new examination of microbial communities found deeper in seafloor
sediments and around hydrocarbon seepage sites has found they have
more energy available and a higher population turnover. The deeper
sediments in the seepages are most likely heavily impacted by the
material coming up from the bottom, which means that the seep could
be supporting a larger amount of biomass than previously thought.



FULL STORY ========================================================================== Microbial cells are found in abundance in marine sediments beneath the
ocean and make up a significant amount of the total microbial biomass
on the planet.

Microbes found deeper in the ocean, such as in hydrocarbon seeps, are
usually believed to have slow population turnover rates and low amounts
of available energy, where the further down a microbe is found, the less
energy it has available.


==========================================================================
A new study published out of a collaboration with the University of
Delaware and ExxonMobil Research and Engineering shows that perhaps
the microbial communities found deeper in the seafloor sediments in and
around hydrocarbon seepage sites have more energy available and higher population turnover rates than previously thought.

Using sediment samples collected by ExxonMobil researchers, UD professor Jennifer Biddle and her lab group -- including Rui Zhao, a postdoctoral researcher who is the first author on the paper; Kristin Yoshimura, who received her doctorate from UD; and Glenn Christman, a bioinformatician -
- worked on a study in collaboration with Zara Summers, an ExxonMobil microbiologist. The study, recently published in Scientific Reports,
looks at how microbial dynamics are influenced by hydrocarbon seepage
sites in the Gulf of Mexico.

Biddle and her lab members received the frozen sediments, collected
during a research cruise, from ExxonMobil and then extracted the DNA
and sequenced it at the Delaware Biotechnology Institute (DBI).

The samples Biddle's lab group studied were ones collected from deeper
in hydrocarbon seeps that usually get ignored.

"Most people only look at the top couple of centimeters of sediment
at a seep, but this was actually looking 10-15 centimeters down," said
Biddle associate professor in the School of Marine Science and Policy
in UD's College of Earth, Ocean and Environment. "We then compared
seepage areas to non-seepage areas, and the environment looked really different." Inside the seep, the microbes potentially lead a fast,
less efficient life while outside the seep, the microbes lead a slower
but more efficient life.

This could be attributed to what energy sources are available to them
in their environment.



========================================================================== "Understanding deep water seep microbial ecology is an important part
of understanding hydrocarbon-centric communities," said Summers.

Biddle said that microbes are always limited by something in the
environment, such as how right now during the quarantine, we are limited
by the amount of available toilet paper. "Outside of the seep, microbes
are likely limited by carbon, whereas inside the seep, microbes are
limited by nitrogen," said Biddle.

While the microbes found inside the seep seem to be racing to make
more nitrogen to keep up and grow with their fellow microbes, outside
of the seep, the researchers found a balance of carbon and nitrogen,
with nitrogen actually being used by the microbes as an energy source.

"Usually, we don't think of nitrogen as being used for energy. It's used
to make molecules, but something that was striking for me was thinking
about nitrogen as a significant energy source," said Biddle.

This difference between the microbes found inside the seeps and those
found outside the seeps could potentially mirror how microbes behave
higher in the water column.



========================================================================== Previous research of water column microbes shows that there are
different types of microbes: those that are less efficient and lead
a more competition-based lifestyle where they don't use every single
molecule as well as they could and those that are really streamlined,
don't waste anything and are super- efficient.

"It makes me wonder if the microbes that are living at these seeps
are potentially wasteful and they're fast growing but they're less
efficient and the organisms outside of the seeps are a very different
organism where they're way more efficient and way more streamlined,"
said Biddle, whose team has put in a proposal to go back out to sea to investigate further. "We want to look at these dynamics to determine
if it still holds true that there is fast, less efficient life inside
the seep and then slower, way more efficient life outside of the seep."
In addition, Biddle said this research showed that the deeper sediments
in the seepages are most likely heavily impacted by the material coming
up from the bottom, which means that the seep could be supporting a
larger amount of biomass than previously thought.

"We often think about a seep supporting life like tube worms and the
things that are at the expression of the sediment, but the fact that this
could go for meters below them really changes the total biomass that the
seep is supporting," said Biddle. "One of the big implications for the
seepage sites with regards to the influence of these fluids coming up is
that we don't know how deep it goes in terms of how much it changes the
impact of subsurface life." Summers added that these are interesting
insights "when considering oil reservoir connectivity to, and influence
on, hydrocarbon seeps."

========================================================================== Story Source: Materials provided by University_of_Delaware. Original
written by Adam Thomas.

Note: Content may be edited for style and length.


========================================================================== Journal Reference:
1. Rui Zhao, Zarath M. Summers, Glenn D. Christman, Kristin
M. Yoshimura,
Jennifer F. Biddle. Metagenomic views of microbial dynamics
influenced by hydrocarbon seepage in sediments of the
Gulf of Mexico. Scientific Reports, 2020; 10 (1) DOI:
10.1038/s41598-020-62840-z ==========================================================================

Link to news story: https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2020/07/200709135607.htm

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