Scientists shed new light on how seabirds cruise through air and water


Date:
June 30, 2020
Source:
eLife
Summary:
New insight on how four species of seabirds have developed
the ability to cruise through both air and water has just been
published.



FULL STORY ==========================================================================
New insight on how four species of seabirds have developed the ability
to cruise through both air and water has been published today in the open-access journal eLife.


==========================================================================
The study reveals that these birds, from the Alcidae family which includes puffins, murres and their relatives, produce efficient propulsive wakes
while flying and swimming. This means that the animals likely spend
relatively low amounts of metabolic energy when creating the force they
need to move in both air and water. The findings suggest that alcids
have been optimised for movement in very different environments through
the course of their evolution.

"Birds that use their wings for 'flight' in air and water are expected
to fly poorly in both environments compared to those that stick to
either air or water only," explains first author Anthony Lapsansky, a
PhD candidate at the Field Research Station at Fort Missoula, Division
of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, US. "In other words,
these jacks-of-all-trades should be the masters of none. Interestingly, however, alcids seem to contradict this notion of a trade-off between
aerial and aquatic flight performance, and we wanted to investigate
this further." To gain a better understanding of the potential
evolutionary trade-offs between these two types of flight, Lapsansky
and his team tested whether alcids exhibit 'efficient Strouhal numbers'
when flying in water and air. Animals move in these environments by using oscillating appendages. The Strouhal number describes the frequency at
which an animal produces pulses of force with these appendages to power
its movement. Only a narrow range of Strouhal numbers are efficient --
if a bird flaps its wings too fast or too slow, for a given amplitude
and flight speed, then it wastes energy. But most birds have converged
on this narrow range of Strouhal numbers, meaning that selection has
tuned them to exhibit efficient flapping and swimming movements.

Additionally, Lapsansky and his team were interested to see whether
birds that fly in air and water use their muscles in the same way in
both environments.

"Muscles typically consist of fibers which are tuned for specific
activities, but this hardly seems possible when the same muscles are
used for movement in two drastically different environments," Lapsansky
says. "We hypothesised that alcids maintain efficient Strouhal numbers and consistent stroke velocities across air and water, which would allow them
to mitigate the costs of being able to cruise through both environments."
The team used videography to measure the wing movements of four species
of alcids that differ substantially in body mass (450g to 1kg) and
represent distant branches of the alcid family tree. Their measurements
showed that alcids cruise at Strouhal numbers between 0.10 and 0.40 in
both air and water, similar to animals that stick to air or water only,
but flap their wings approximately 50% slower in water. This suggests
that the birds either contract their muscles at inefficient velocities
or maintain a two-geared muscle system, highlighting a clear cost to
using their wings for movement in air and water.

"Our work provides detailed new insight into how evolution has shaped
alcid flight in response to competing environmental demands in air and
water," concludes senior author Bret Tobalske, Professor and Director
of the Field Research Station at Fort Missoula, Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana. "Further research is now needed to
understand the necessary changes that take place in the flight muscles
of these birds to allow them to transition between air and water and
back again."

========================================================================== Story Source: Materials provided by eLife. Note: Content may be edited
for style and length.


========================================================================== Journal Reference:
1. Anthony Lapsansky, Daniel Zatz, Bret W Tobalske. Alcids 'fly' at
efficient Strouhal numbers in both air and water but vary stroke
velocity and angle. eLife, 2020; 9 DOI: 10.7554/eLife.55774 ==========================================================================

Link to news story: https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2020/06/200630193211.htm

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