Rainforest model offers glimpse into future of the Amazon

Date:
October 13, 2020
Source:
University of Arizona
Summary:
Tropical Forests may be more resilient to climate change than
previously thought, according to ecologists. The results help solve
an ongoing debate about the mechanism responsible for declines
in tropical forest productivity that go hand in hand with rising
global temperatures.



FULL STORY ========================================================================== Tropical forests may be more resilient to predicted temperature increases
under global climate change than previously thought, a study published
in the journal Nature Plants suggests. The results could help make
climate prediction models more accurate, according to the authors --
an international team led by scientists in the University of Arizona
Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology.


==========================================================================
The group studied data from the rainforest habitat at UArizona's Biosphere
2 and compared them to measurements taken at natural tropical forest
sites. Due to being encased under a glass dome, the tropical forest at Biosphere 2 is possibly the hottest tropical forest in the world, with temperatures reaching up to 40 degrees Celsius, about 6 C higher than
maximum temperatures currently experienced by natural tropical forests
and in the range of what scientists expect them to experience in the
year 2100, absent major climate change mitigation.

At Biosphere 2, when the effects of warming and drying were separated,
the authors observed that, just as in natural forests, photosynthesis
declined as the air dried, but when the air was wet, the trees continued
to photosynthesize steadily at ever higher temperatures, right up to a forest-roasting 38 C.

"No previous studies of tropical forests looked at changes in temperature
much beyond to what they experience today," said Scott Saleska,
a professor in the UArizona Department of Ecology and Evolutionary
Biology and senior author of the paper. "Biosphere 2 gave us a unique opportunity to look at what might happen when these forests get the full
global warming treatment." The paper's lead author, Marielle Smith
-- a postdoctoral research associate at Michigan State University who
pursued the research while she was a doctoral student in Saleska's lab at UArizona -- noted that "previous studies suggest that tropical forests
are already approaching the limit of what they can tolerate in terms of temperature, provoking concern about the impacts of future warming."
"But when we looked at the rainforest in Biosphere 2, we saw that,
under some conditions, the trees there were functioning well beyond temperatures currently deemed to be the limit, and even higher than
those predicted for the Amazon basin by 2100," she said.



========================================================================== Smith and her co-authors wanted to know why. Biologists have long known
that plants' ability to actively conduct photosynthesis, or turn carbon
dioxide and water into biomolecules using sunlight, declines above a
certain temperature threshold. However, the reason for this limit is
not always clear.

That is because as temperature increases, the relative humidity goes
down, and photosynthesis can decline due to the temperature increase,
the decline in water content or both. Similar to an assembly line
in a factory, where productivity could be affected by a shortage of
supplies entering the production process or by an excessively hot working environment directly impacting the physical performance of workers, the productivity of forests could be limited by a shortage of raw materials
-- in this case, atmospheric water vapor, or humidity -- or by high temperatures wreaking havoc with the biochemical machinery itself.

Understanding the reason for photosynthetic decline at higher temperatures
is important because while the latter mechanism -- direct susceptibility
to temperature -- would imply that tropical forests are highly vulnerable
to future warming trends, the former would indicate some degree of
resilience, especially under future elevated levels of carbon dioxide.

The problem is that in the natural world, higher temperatures and lower
water content almost always go hand-in-hand, so their effects cannot
easily be separated. In Biosphere 2, however, the climate can be adjusted
in ways not possible in the natural world.

"The enclosed environment at Biosphere 2 allowed us to maintain high
humidity despite high temperatures by adding water vapor via misters
and trapping humidity inside the glass enclosure, which is something
that would not happen in a natural tropical forest," Smith explained.



==========================================================================
This finding can be understood in terms of basic plant behavior: When
there is less moisture in the air, plants react by limiting the opening
of their stomata -- microscopically small openings in their leaves --
to take in carbon dioxide, one of the raw materials for synthesis. The
longer the stomata remain open, the more carbon dioxide can enter the
leaf, but that comes at a price: The drier the air surrounding the plant,
the more water escapes through the openings, forcing the plant to strike
a balance between carbon uptake and water loss.

The reduction in photosynthetic productivity that previous studies had
observed in the face of warmer temperatures, therefore, is likely due to
plants limiting the time they keep their stomata open when confronted
with drier air, in an effort to preserve water. This, in turn, limits
how much carbon dioxide can enter the leaf, which may be behind the drop
in photosynthetic productivity rather than the alternative scenario,
in which heat damages the photosynthetic apparatus directly.

To assess the sensitivity of tropical forests to future warming, the
authors compared the response of photosynthesis to high temperatures
in the Biosphere 2 tropical forest to that of natural tropical forest
sites in Mexico and in the Brazilian Amazon. So-called eddy flux towers reaching up to nearly 200 feet high, taller than the forest canopy,
allow researchers to measure the exchange of carbon dioxide between the
forests and the atmosphere.

"Flux towers allow us to measure the exchange of carbon dioxide between
the forests and the atmosphere that we used to calculate total forest photosynthesis," Smith said. "When we looked very closely at the flux
tower data, we could tell that it was the same mechanism that was causing declines in real-world photosynthesis during warm periods as in Biosphere
2; it was the decline in water vapor, not the increase in temperature."
"We interpret these findings such that in the presence of high humidity,
the stomata in the leaves can remain open longer without losing as much
water," said Tyeen Taylor, a co-author of the paper and postdoctoral
research associate at the University of Michigan.

The authors discuss how heightened carbon dioxide in the atmosphere has
the potential to have the same effect, because when more carbon dioxide
is available, plants can keep their stomata opening times shorter, too,
thereby limiting their water loss.

The authors point out that while their findings suggest that tropical
forests may be more resilient to future warming than previously thought,
that does not mean that tropical forests are not vulnerable to future
climate change, as photosynthesis is not the only aspect of forest health.

"For example, reproduction could be affected independently, growth
could be affected independently, herbivore and pathogen susceptibility
could increase," Smith said. "There are many other reasons not to say, 'tropical forests are out of the woods.'" The authors pointed out that
Amazon forests are facing great threats from fires, deforestation and
habitat destruction, and while the study may point to some resilience to
coping with a warming world, "that hardly means these forests are safe,
any more than slowing down as you run a red light is safe," Saleska said.

"We are already headed deep into the tropical forest danger zone, and if
we don't mend our ways, in terms of reducing both fossil fuel emission
and especially large-scale fires and increased deforestation rates, the
fate of these forests will be grim indeed," he said. "What this study
implies, instead, is the good news that we may still have a chance,
if we act now, to save these valuable tropical forests."

========================================================================== Story Source: Materials provided by University_of_Arizona. Original
written by Daniel Stolte.

Note: Content may be edited for style and length.


========================================================================== Journal Reference:
1. Smith, M.N., Taylor, T.C., van Haren, J. et al. Empirical
evidence for
resilience of tropical forest photosynthesis in a warmer world. Nat.

Plants, 2020 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-020-00780-2 ==========================================================================

Link to news story: https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2020/10/201013105801.htm

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