Dietary changes could produce big offsets to carbon emissions

Date:
September 10, 2020
Source:
Oregon State University
Summary:
Eating less meat and dairy products in favor of plant-based
proteins like those found in grains, legumes and nuts could make
a huge difference in how much carbon dioxide reaches the atmosphere.



FULL STORY ========================================================================== Eating less meat and dairy products in favor of plant-based proteins like
those found in grains, legumes and nuts could make a huge difference
in how much carbon dioxide reaches the atmosphere, research by Oregon
State University shows.


========================================================================== Published Monday in Nature Sustainability, the findings by OSU's
William Ripple and collaborators at New York University, Colorado State University and Harvard University detail how agricultural land devoted
to producing animal-sourced food puts the squeeze on forests and other
native vegetation well suited to absorbing CO2.

"Plant protein foods provide important nutrients while requiring a
small percentage of the farm and ranch land needed to generate animal
products like beef, pork and milk," said Ripple, distinguished professor
of ecology in the Oregon State College of Forestry.

Via photosynthesis, trees and other vegetation generate energy from
sunlight, water and carbon dioxide, in the process storing some of the
carbon in the form of wood and foliage and releasing oxygen.

The land required to meet current global demand for meat and dairy-based products constitutes more than 80% of the Earth's agricultural acreage, according to the research collaboration led by Matthew Hayek of New
York University.

If production is shifted to more land-friendly foods, the door opens
to the regrowth of native vegetation capable of scrubbing away years of climate- changing fossil fuel emissions.



==========================================================================
The scientists mapped and analyzed areas where extensive production of
animal- sourced foods is likely suppressing forests and other native vegetation. They identified areas totaling more than 7 million square kilometers -- roughly the size of Russia -- with conditions such that
forests would regrow and thrive on their own if agricultural pressure
were removed.

Atmospheric carbon dioxide has increased 40% since the dawn of the
industrial age, contributing heavily to a warming planet. According to
the National Atmospheric and Oceanic Administration, the global average atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration in 2018 was 407.4 parts per
million, higher than at any time in at least 800,000 years.

Fossil fuels like coal and oil contain carbon that plants pulled out of
the atmosphere through photosynthesis over millions of years. That same
carbon is now being returned to the atmosphere in a matter of hundreds of
years because fossil fuels are being burned for energy, The annual rate
of increase in atmospheric CO2 over the past six decades is roughly 100
times faster than increases resulting from natural causes, such as those
that happened following the last ice age more than 10,000 years ago,
according to NOAA.

Unlike oxygen or nitrogen, which account for most of the atmosphere,
greenhouse gases absorb heat and release it gradually over time. Absent
those greenhouse gases, the planet's average annual temperature would be
below freezing rather than around 60 degrees Fahrenheit, but too-high
levels of greenhouse gases cause the Earth's energy budget to become unbalanced.



==========================================================================
The largest potential for climate-benefiting forest regrowth is in comparatively wealthy nations. In those countries, cutbacks in meat and
dairy production would bring relatively mild impacts on food security,
the researchers say, while substantially assisting in capping climate
change at 1.5 degrees Celsius above pre-industrial age levels as called
for in the 2016 Paris Agreement.

A majority of climate scientists agree that limiting warming to 1.5
degrees would maintain substantial proportions of ecosystems while also benefiting human health and economies.

"We can think of shifting our eating habits toward land-friendly diets
as a supplement to developing green energy, rather than a substitute,"
Hayek said.

"Restoring native forests could buy some much-needed time for countries to transition their energy grids to renewable, fossil-free infrastructure."
Hayek, Ripple and their collaborators -- Helen Harwatt of Harvard and
Nathaniel Mueller of Colorado State -- emphasize that their findings are
meant to help local officials seeking to come up with plans to mitigate
climate change. The scientists acknowledge that animal-based agriculture
is economically and culturally important in many areas around the globe.

"While the potential for restoring ecosystems is substantial, extensive
animal agriculture is culturally and economically important in many
regions around the world," Mueller said. "Ultimately, our findings
can help target places where restoring ecosystems and halting ongoing deforestation would have the largest carbon benefits." Reducing meat production would also aid water quality and quantity, wildlife habitat
and biodiversity, Ripple says, including fostering the ecosystem health
that helps thwart pandemic diseases originating from animals as COVID-19
is believed to have done.

"Intact, functioning ecosystems and preserved wildlife habitat help make
the risk of pandemics smaller," Ripple said. "Our research shows that with
diet change, we have an opportunity to give large areas back to nature
and wildlife with relatively minimal impacts on food security. Ecosystem restoration and reduced livestock populations could reduce zoonotic
disease transmission from wildlife to chickens or pigs and ultimately
to people."

========================================================================== Story Source: Materials provided by Oregon_State_University. Original
written by Steve Lundeberg. Note: Content may be edited for style
and length.


========================================================================== Journal Reference:
1. Matthew N. Hayek, Helen Harwatt, William J. Ripple, Nathaniel
D. Mueller.

The carbon opportunity cost of animal-sourced food production
on land.

Nature Sustainability, 2020; DOI: 10.1038/s41893-020-00603-4 ==========================================================================

Link to news story: https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2020/09/200910171824.htm

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