Where lions operate, grazers congregate ... provided food is great
Lion danger can foster mixed-species herds in Africa's Serengeti

Date:
August 17, 2020
Source:
Rice University
Summary:
Meals are typically family affairs for zebras, gazelles, cape
buffalo and other grazing species in the African Serengeti, but in
one of the first studies of its kind, ecologists have found grazing
species can be more willing to share meals in areas frequented
by lions.



FULL STORY ========================================================================== Meals are typically family affairs for zebras, gazelles, cape buffalo
and other grazing species in the African Serengeti, but in one of the
first studies of its kind, ecologists have found grazing species can be
more willing to share meals in areas frequented by lions.


==========================================================================
The study, which is available online this week in the journal Ecology,
was conducted by a team from Rice University, Princeton University, Wake
Forest University and the University of Minnesota. They analyzed more
than 115,000 camera-trap photos to see where, when and how often six of
the Serengeti's most abundant grazing species -- cape buffalo, gazelle, hartebeest, topi, wildebeest and zebra -- formed mixed-species groups.

"The mixed-species groups occur near places where lions like to hunt,
which suggests the grazers are trying to reduce their chances of being
killed by predators," said Rice lead-author Lydia Beaudrot.

Mixed-species groups of grazers were found in 1.9% of the camera-trap
photos, which were collected between 2010-2015 in Tanzania's Serengeti
National Park and processed by volunteers for the citizen science website snapshotserengeti.org. Camera-trap findings were combined with information
from long-term GPS collar monitoring by the Serengeti Lion Project and satellite imagery that showed both the location of hunting areas favored
by lions and where and when food was plentiful or scarce for grazers.

"Mixed-species groups were most likely in 'risky' places, like woodland habitats and near rocky outcroppings that lions use as viewsheds,"
said Beaudrot, an assistant professor of biosciences.

But the threat from lions apparently isn't the only thing grazers have
to consider.



==========================================================================
"One of the most interesting results is that grazers in mixed-species
groups appear to be making a tradeoff between the risk of being eaten
and the need to eat," Beaudrot said.

Mixed-species groups were less likely to form when plant productivity
was low, she said, which suggests there is a foraging cost associated
with mixed-species grazing, said study co-author Meredith Palmer,
a behavioral ecologist and postdoctoral fellow at Princeton.

"These animals face a trade-off," Palmer said. "When different species
group together, each individual is less likely to be eaten by a lion than
it would be if it were alone or even possibly with its own species. But
each individual is also foraging, and if they get further apart they
don't have to compete as much for food. As forage becomes more scarce,
these animals have to decide whether the extra food they would get from
grazing alone is worth the increased danger from lions." The study
focuses on a longstanding idea in ecology called the 'stress gradient hypothesis,' which holds that species are more likely to compete with
one another when times are good and more likely to benefit each other
when they're under stress, Beaudrot said.

"The hypothesis is supported by the findings from more than 700 plant
studies, but it's rarely been applied to animals because mixed-species
behavior is rare and there typically aren't enough data about it to draw statistically significant conclusions," she said.

The collaboration began when Beaudrot heard Palmer describe the Snapshot Serengeti database in a talk at the 2018 Gordon Research Conference on Predator-Prey Interactions. While mixed-species groups had previously
been documented in animals, including primates, cetaceans, ungulates,
fish and birds, Palmer and Beaudrot realized that the size of the Snapshot Serengeti camera-trap database would allow them a rare opportunity to
not simply observe mixed-species groups but to examine the ecological
context within which they occur.

"Our findings partially support the hypothesis," Beaudrot said. "On the
one hand, we found mixed-species groups were more likely to occur when
stress was high because of predators, but we also found that mixed-species groups were less likely to form when stress from food scarcity was high,
which suggests that stress can also lead to increased competition."
She and Palmer said there are also plenty of questions to address with
follow- up research, including how mixed-species groups better protects
grazers from lions.

"The larger groups could provide more warning of lions because there are
more eyes for vigilance, or that individual species in the group benefit
from the behavior of other species in a way that they wouldn't if they
had grazed on their own," Palmer said. "Or it could simply be that the
odds of any one individual being eaten go down if it's part of a larger
group. Our study can't differentiate between any of those mechanisms."

========================================================================== Story Source: Materials provided by Rice_University. Note: Content may
be edited for style and length.


========================================================================== Journal Reference:
1. Lydia Beaudrot, Meredith S. Palmer, T. Michael Anderson, Craig
Packer.

Mixed‐species groups of Serengeti grazers: a test of the
stress gradient hypothesis. Ecology, 2020; DOI: 10.1002/ecy.3163 ==========================================================================

Link to news story: https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2020/08/200817144115.htm

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