Sustained planetwide storms may have filled lakes, rivers on ancient
Mars

Date:
August 19, 2020
Source:
University of Texas at Austin
Summary:
A new study is helping scientists piece together the ancient
climate of Mars by revealing how much rainfall and snowmelt filled
its lake beds and river valleys 3.5 billion to 4 billion years ago.



FULL STORY ==========================================================================
A new study from The University of Texas at Austin is helping scientists
piece together the ancient climate of Mars by revealing how much rainfall
and snowmelt filled its lake beds and river valleys 3.5 billion to 4
billion years ago.


==========================================================================
The study, published in Geology, represents the first time that
researchers have quantified the precipitation that must have been present across the planet, and it comes out as the Mars 2020 Perseverance rover
is making its way to the red planet to land in one of the lake beds
crucial to this new research.

The ancient climate of Mars is something of an enigma to scientists. To geologists, the existence of riverbeds and paleolakes -- eons-old lake
basins - - paints a picture of a planet with significant rainfall or
snowmelt. But scientists who specialize in computer climate models of
the planet have been unable to reproduce an ancient climate with large
amounts of liquid water present for long enough to account for the
observed geology.

"This is extremely important because 3.5 to 4 billion years ago Mars was covered with water. It had lots of rain or snowmelt to fill those channels
and lakes," said lead author Gaia Stucky de Quay, a postdoctoral fellow
at UT's Jackson School of Geosciences. "Now it's completely dry. We're
trying to understand how much water was there and where did it all go." Although scientists have found large amounts of frozen water on Mars,
no significant amount of liquid water currently exists.

In the study, researchers found that precipitation must have been between
13 and 520 feet (4 to 159 meters) in a single episode to fill the lakes
and, in some cases, provide enough water to overflow and breach the
lake basins.

Although the range is large, it can be used to help understand which
climate models are accurate, Stucky de Quay said.



========================================================================== "It's a huge cognitive dissonance," she said. "Climate models have trouble accounting for that amount of liquid water at that time. It's like,
liquid water is not possible, but it happened. This is the knowledge
gap that our work is trying to fill in." The scientists looked at 96 open-basin and closed-basin lakes and their watersheds, all thought to
have formed between 3.5 billion and 4 billion years ago. Open lakes are
those that have ruptured by overflowing water; closed ones, on the other
hand, are intact. Using satellite images and topography, they measured
lake and watershed areas, and lake volumes, and accounted for potential evaporation to figure out how much water was needed to fill the lakes.

By looking at ancient closed and open lakes, and the river valleys
that fed them, the team was able to determine a minimum and maximum precipitation. The closed lakes offer a glimpse at the maximum amount
of water that could have fallen in a single event without breaching the
side of the lake basin. The open lakes show the minimum amount of water required to overtop the lake basin, causing the water to rupture a side
and rush out.

In 13 cases, researchers discovered coupled basins -- containing one
closed and one open basin that were fed by the same river valleys --
which offered key evidence of both maximum and minimum precipitation in
one single event.

Another great unknown is how long the rainfall or snowmelt episode must
have lasted: days, years or thousands of years. That's the next step of
the research, Stucky de Quay said.

As this research is published, NASA recently launched Mars 2020
Perseverance Rover to visit Jezero crater, which contains one of the
open lake beds used in the study. Co-author Tim Goudge, an assistant
professor in the UT Jackson School Department of Geological Sciences,
was the lead scientific advocate for the landing site. He said the data collected by the crater could be significant for determining how much
water was on Mars and whether there are signs of past life.

"Gaia's study takes previously identified closed and open lake basins,
but applies a clever new approach to constrain how much precipitation
these lakes experienced," Goudge said. "Not only do these results help
us to refine our understanding of the ancient Mars climate, but they
also will be a great resource for putting results from the Mars 2020 Perseverance Rover into a more global context." This study was supported
by a grant through NASA's Mars Data Analysis Program.


========================================================================== Story Source: Materials provided by University_of_Texas_at_Austin. Note: Content may be edited for style and length.


========================================================================== Journal Reference:
1. Gaia Stucky de Quay, Timothy A. Goudge, Caleb
I. Fassett. Precipitation
and aridity constraints from paleolakes on early Mars. Geology,
2020; DOI: 10.1130/G47886.1 ==========================================================================

Link to news story: https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2020/08/200819194243.htm

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