Electrically charged dust storms drive Martian chlorine cycle

Date:
June 15, 2020
Source:
Washington University in St. Louis
Summary:
The group that previously studied Martian dust storms now shifts
focus to the electrochemical processes resulting from dust storms
that may power the movement of chlorine, which is ongoing on
Mars today.



FULL STORY ========================================================================== How's the weather on Mars? Tough on rovers, but very good for
generating and moving highly reactive chlorine compounds. New research
from Washington University in St. Louis planetary scientists shows
that Martian dust storms, like the one that eventually shut down the Opportunity rover, drive the cycle of chlorine from surface to atmosphere
and may shed light on the potential for finding life on Mars.


========================================================================== Recent research from Alian Wang, research professor in the Department of
Earth and Planetary Sciences in Arts & Sciences, and collaborators at
WashU, Stony Brook University, Shandong University, and NASA's Goddard
Space Flight Center builds on a previous examination of Martian dust
storms as an essential factor in the chemical evolution of the red
planet's surface. Their latest paper shifts focus to the electrochemical processes resulting from dust storms that may power the movement of
chlorine, which is ongoing on Mars today. The research was published
May 28 in the Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets.

While earlier studies have established the relatively high concentration
of chlorine on Mars and suggested volcanic and hydrological activity
as historical drivers of the chlorine cycle, Wang has experimentally
shown how electrostatic discharge (ESD) generated by dust storms could
play a key role in Mars' surface and atmospheric chemistry now. Given
the relative abundance of chlorine at Mars' surface, Wang and her
collaborators set out to explore the formation of this present-day
chlorine cycle on Mars: How excited chlorine atoms get released to the atmosphere, then re-deposited on the surface and partially percolated
into the subsurface. They also studied what implications that chlorine
cycle might have for finding traces of life on Mars.

"In the past, when conditions were different, and there was perhaps
more water on Mars, there would have been a difference in the surface
chemistry and in the behavior of chlorine," said Bradley Jolliff, a
co-author on the paper and Scott Rudolph Professor of Earth and Planetary Sciences. "We don't fully understand how Mars got to the present state of chlorine enrichment at the surface, but we're very interested in knowing,
as we drill down into the subsurface, how highly oxidized compounds
of chlorine, called chlorates and perchlorates, interact with other
elements. It's been kind of a puzzle." In a special facility known as
the Planetary Environment and Analysis Chamber (PEACh), Wang replicated
the conditions of electrostatic discharge that can be induced by Martian
dust storms to develop a deep understanding of surface- atmosphere
chemical interaction. Her results were significant. Not only are the
chlorine compounds seen on the Martian surface oxidized by electrostatic discharge during dust storms, but those dust storms also are generating
many free radicals from Martian atmospheric molecules. That caused the
excited chlorine particles to be released, recombined, and then moved
between the surface and the atmosphere of Mars, developing an active
and ongoing chlorine cycle.

"This isn't like what we see on Earth," Wang said. "Photochemical
reactions, driven by the Sun, occur on both planets, but on Mars we
have these global dust storms once per two Martian years, regional dust
storms each year, and countless dust devils everywhere." In the past,
Mars might have been warmer and wetter, but the cold, dry atmosphere it
has today makes electrostatic discharge a powerful factor.

"Electrochemistry may be the bigger player on the surface of Mars right
now, " Wang added.

These results align with other analyses of Martian surface chemistry,
and the conditions they point to do not bode well for finding biomarkers
at the surface. However, Wang noted that understanding the surface
chemistry is our best chance at knowing what life on Mars might have
looked like. As the quest to find signs of life on Mars continues,
this line of research will develop further. Wang anticipates future collaborations with biogeochemists to expand the search for biomarkers
into the Martian subsurface.

"Because the geochemistry at the surface could go into the subsurface, it
will affect how the trace of life on Mars could be detected," Wang said.

Jolliff added, "We've seen from the Spirit rover, when it was dragging
one of its wheels through the soil, that what was in the immediate
subsurface was different from what was right at the surface -- very much
a surface oxidation phenomenon. So understanding that surface chemistry
becomes very important and drives us to the conclusion that if we want to really test for extant or past life, we've got to get below the surface." Funding for this study was provided by NASA. The work was also supported
by Washington University's Institute of Materials Science & Engineering
and McDonnell Center for the Space Sciences.


========================================================================== Story Source: Materials provided by
Washington_University_in_St._Louis. Original written by Shawn
Ballard. Note: Content may be edited for style and length.


========================================================================== Journal Reference:
1. Alian Wang, Yuanchao Yan, Bradley L. Jolliff, Scott M. McLennan, Kun
Wang, Erbin Shi, William M. Farrell. Chlorine Release From Common
Chlorides by Martian Dust Activity. Journal of Geophysical Research:
Planets, 2020; 125 (6) DOI: 10.1029/2019JE006283 ==========================================================================

Link to news story: https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2020/06/200615140843.htm

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