Compound in the gills of clams may fight common infections

Date:
June 11, 2020
Source:
Washington State University
Summary:
A compound discovered in the gills of wood-eating clams could be
the solution to a group of parasites responsible for some of the
world's most common infections.



FULL STORY ==========================================================================
A compound discovered in the gills of wood-eating clams could be the
solution to a group of parasites responsible for some of the world's
most common infections.


==========================================================================
That compound is tartrolon E, a byproduct of bacteria that help shipworms,
a group of saltwater clams, digest the wood they eat.

According to research recently published in PLOS Pathogens, the compound, unlike any other, is proven to kill causal parasites for malaria, toxoplasmosis, cryptosporidiosis, theileriosis and babesiosis.

"There are compounds that work against the individual parasites, but to
find one that works against this entire group, that is what made this
unique," said Roberta O'Connor, an associate professor in Washington
State University's Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology unit, and first
author on the paper.

While there are already effective drugs for many of the parasites
mentioned here, O'Connor said this group of parasites, called
apicomplexans, readily develops drug resistance.

"Development of new, effective drugs against apicomplexan parasites is
an ongoing need for human and veterinary medicine," she said.



==========================================================================
One of those parasites in need of a more effective remedy is
Cryptosporidium.

Cryptosporidium, a waterborne zoonotic parasite, is a major cause of
diarrhea in children, immunocompromised patients, and in newborn animals worldwide. The parasite infects millions of humans and agricultural
animals annually.

In addition to killing this class of parasites in vitro, tartrolon E
was able to kill Cryptosporidium in newborn mice.

Beginning this summer, WSU researchers will test the compound against Cryptosporidium in lambs.

Currently, nitazoxanide is the only drug approved by the Food and Drug Administration to treat cryptosporidiosis.



========================================================================== "Nitazoxanide doesn't work well for those [patients] who are
immunocompromised or malnourished and those are the people most vulnerable
to Cryptosporidium," O'Connor said.

O'Connor is the principal investigator on the study which will
characterize the specific effects of tartrolon E on Cryptosporidium
parasites. Villarino will lead the pharmacokinetics portion of the study
in immunocompromised mice to further assess tartrolon E's effectiveness
and optimal dose regimens.

The research is made possible by a recently awarded 5-year, $1.6 million
grant from the National Institutes of Health.

"We will define how the drug behaves in the body and how much of the
drug is needed to control Cryptosporidiuminfection," Villarino said. "We
want the maximum effect with minimal adverse effects." This aspect of
the research on the compound is a key component for drug development.

"This could have a significant impact on human and veterinary medicine
because there is no other drug that can effectively treat this condition," Villarino said.

O'Connor and Villarino are hopeful tartrolon E will lead to a clinically developed drug but they know it is a long way to get there.

"Tartrolon E is obviously hitting some system that is common to [all]
these parasites," O'Connor said. "Even if this compound isn't successful,
if we can determine the mechanism, we will have identified a common drug
target for all these parasites."

========================================================================== Story Source: Materials provided by Washington_State_University. Original written by Josh Babcock. Note: Content may be edited for style and length.


========================================================================== Journal Reference:
1. Roberta M. O'Connor, Felix J. Nepveux V, Jaypee Abenoja, Gregory
Bowden,
Patricia Reis, Josiah Beaushaw, Rachel M. Bone Relat, Iwona
Driskell, Fernanda Gimenez, Michael W. Riggs, Deborah A. Schaefer,
Eric W. Schmidt, Zhenjian Lin, Daniel L. Distel, Jon Clardy,
Timothy R. Ramadhar, David R.

Allred, Heather M. Fritz, Pradipsinh Rathod, Laura Chery, John
White. A symbiotic bacterium of shipworms produces a compound with
broad spectrum anti-apicomplexan activity. PLOS Pathogens, 2020;
16 (5): e1008600 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008600 ==========================================================================

Link to news story: https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2020/06/200611094211.htm

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