Scientists identify new species of crystal-encrusted truffle, thanks to bonobos

Date:
September 22, 2020
Source:
Florida Museum of Natural History
Summary:
Mushroom-munching bonobos in the Democratic Republic of the Congo
have introduced scientists to a new species of truffle.



FULL STORY ========================================================================== Mushroom-munching bonobos in the Democratic Republic of the Congo have introduced scientists to a new species of truffle.


========================================================================== Commonly used by Congolese communities to bait traps for small mammals, Hysterangium bonobo is also savored by bonobos, an endangered species
of great ape. Scientists say the truffle hints at vast reserves of
undescribed fungal diversity in the region.

"Truffles aren't just for gourmet chefs -- they're also for our closest relatives," said Matthew Smith, an associate professor in the University
of Florida department of plant pathology and curator of the UF fungal herbarium.

"There's so much to learn about this system, and we're just scratching
the surface." Edible mushrooms widely prized for their aromas, truffles
are often ecosystem linchpins, and H. bonobo is no exception. Although
it looks like a homely potato, it plays a key role in enabling trees to
absorb nutrients from the soil and supports the diets of animals. Its irregularly shaped outer layer is also lined with microscopic
crystal-encrusted filaments, possibly used for defense or aroma diffusion.

Although previous studies have reported bonobos eating truffles, this
is the first such species identified.

H. bonobo may be a new species to science, but it's well known to local communities as "simbokilo," a Bantu name linked to a longer phrase
roughly translated as "Don't let your brother-in-law leave because traps
baited with this will bring in plenty of food." "Kokolopori people have celebrated their interdependence with bonobos for generations," said
Albert Lotana Lokasola, a graduate student at the University of Kisangani
in northern Congo and a study co-author. "Our traditional knowledge of
the diets of animals such as bonobos, duikers and rodents that includes
food items new to science should be valued, preserved and protected."


========================================================================== Smith said bonobos likely locate H. bonobo by catching its smell wafting through the air or by digging in the soil and sniffing their hands. The truffles are small enough to be swallowed whole, and their microscopic
spores are kept intact by thick cell walls as they journey through a
bonobo's digestive tract. Although little is known about the species,
Smith said that the truffle shares a number of characteristics with
those of high culinary value.

"Even though some truffles are specialized food items, they all evolved
in a similar way," said Smith, who is also an affiliate associate curator
in the Florida Museum of Natural History. "They smelled really good,
so animals dug them up and spread the spores around." Study co-author Alexander Georgiev, a primatologist at Bangor University in Wales,
collected samples of the truffles after he observed a group of wild
bonobos eating them in Congo's Kokolopori Bonobo Reserve. He hoped a collaborator could identify the species, not knowing it was undescribed.

"Why they eat these, I'm not sure," he said. "Perhaps they like the taste
of them. I personally love mushrooms and have never considered what I
get out of them nutritionally. They just taste amazing." Georgiev said although he had never seen bonobos feed on truffles before, the local team
of field assistants helping track them "instantly knew what was going on." "It's important to realize that even though this paper presents a 'novel' interaction and the description of a 'new' species for the Western
scientific community, in reality these are interconnected associations
that have been known about for untold generations by the locals in the
region," added Todd Elliott, a Ph.D. candidate at the University of New
England in Australia and the study's lead author. "As foreign scientists,
we must take the time to ask and learn from indigenous people and locals
in areas where we work because they usually intimately know about the
organisms that we think are new."

========================================================================== Story Source: Materials provided by
Florida_Museum_of_Natural_History. Original written by Halle
Marchese. Note: Content may be edited for style and length.


========================================================================== Journal Reference:
1. Todd F. Elliott, Alexander V. Georgiev, Albert Lotana Lokasola,
Matthew
E. Smith. Hysterangium bonobo: A newly described truffle
species that is eaten by bonobos in the Democratic Republic of
Congo. Mycologia, 2020; 1 DOI: 10.1080/00275514.2020.1790234 ==========================================================================

Link to news story: https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2020/09/200922135731.htm

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