'Bystander Effect' not exclusive to humans

Date:
July 8, 2020
Source:
University of Chicago Medical Center
Summary:
A rat is less likely to help a trapped companion if it is with
other rats that aren't helping, according to new research that
showed the social psychological theory of the ''bystander effect''
in humans is present in these long-tailed rodents.



FULL STORY ==========================================================================
A rat is less likely to help a trapped companion if it is with other
rats that aren't helping, according to new research from the University
of Chicago that showed the social psychological theory of the "bystander effect" in humans is present in these long-tailed rodents.


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The study, titled "The Bystander Effect in Rats," also demonstrated that
in the presence of other potential helper rats, rats are more, rather
than less, likely to help. Whether helping is facilitated or suppressed
depends on the circumstances rather than on personal temperament or
morals, a finding with implications for human society. The research,
published in the July 8 issue of Science Advances, builds off previous
research on rat empathy.

In 2011, Peggy Mason, PhD, professor of neurobiology and senior author
of the study, and her UChicago team of researchers found that rats
consistently freed trapped companions, even saving a bit of chocolate
for them, and this behavior was driven by a rat version of empathy. A subsequent study showed that rats treated with anti-anxiety medication
are less likely to free a trapped peer because they do not feel its
anxiety. In another study, researchers found that rats only freed trapped
rat strains that they had previous social experience with.

The roots of the classic bystander effect date back to 1964, when
Catherine "Kitty" Genovese was murdered in a crowded residential
neighborhood in Queens, New York. An account published in the New
York Times reported that 38 bystanders saw the murder but did not
intervene. Though this story was later proven inaccurate, it inspired psychologists Bibb Latane' and John Darley to investigate why so many
people would fail to help.

The pair tested human subjects alone and in the presence of "confederate" bystanders -- people who were part of the research team and were
instructed not to help -- as they confronted a variety of experimental scenarios with someone (an actor) in distress. Latane' and Darley
consistently observed that subjects were far less likely to help in
the presence of non-helping confederates than they were when tested
alone. This phenomenon, referred to as the bystander effect, is now
a pillar in psychology, included in every introductory textbook and
class. The mechanism for the classic bystander effect is thought to be
a diffusion of responsibility whereby people reason that they need not
act because others in a group will.

First author John Havlik was a UChicago undergraduate in Mason's
laboratory, when the topic of the bystander effect came up during a
lab meeting.



==========================================================================
"My students had been bugging me to do this experiment for years,"
said Mason.

"But it wasn't until John came along and would not let the idea go
that we took the plunge." Havlik, now a student at the Yale School of Medicine, spearheaded experiments to examine whether rats, which lack
complex reasoning skills, would show a classical bystander effect.

The research team used their trapped rat paradigm in combination with
rats that were made into "confederates" by administering an antianxiety
drug that made them indifferent to another rat's distress, ensuring that
they would not help.

The team found that rats tested with confederates were less likely to
help than those tested alone -- a bystander effect in rats. Digging
deeper, they saw that the presence of confederates blocked reinforcement
for helping.

"It's worse to have a non-responsive audience than to be alone,"
Mason said.

"The rats try helping, but it's just not a rewarding experience because
the other rats don't appear to care. It's as though the rat was saying to himself, 'I helped yesterday and no one cared. Not doing that again.' "
Mason and her team then wanted to know how the presence of untreated
rats affected the helping behavior. Counter to the prediction of the
bystander effect, duos and trios of rats actually were more likely to
help than solo rats.

"At first, I thought the experiment had failed," Havlik said. "But after
doing more research into human studies, we realized that behavior has
actually been mirrored in people, too." In research published last year,
an analysis of surveillance videos revealed that groups of bystanders
helped in more than 90% of violent encounters.

"The reason we see these patterns of helpfulness goes deeper than the
lessons we learned in kindergarten about being nice to each other," said
study co- author Maura Jacobi, MD, a 2020 graduate of the University
of Chicago Pritzker School of Medicine and co-first author of the
study. "This is a phenomenon that's not exclusive to humans."

========================================================================== Story Source: Materials provided by
University_of_Chicago_Medical_Center. Original written by Kat
Carlton. Note: Content may be edited for style and length.


========================================================================== Journal Reference:
1. John L. Havlik, Yuri Y. Vieira Sugano, Maura Clement Jacobi,
Rahul R.

Kukreja, John H. Clement Jacobi and Peggy Mason. The bystander
effect in rats. Science Advances, 2020 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abb4205 ==========================================================================

Link to news story: https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2020/07/200708150608.htm

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