Researchers discover a uniquely quantum effect in erasing information


Date:
October 16, 2020
Source:
Trinity College Dublin
Summary:
Researchers have discovered a uniquely quantum effect in erasing
information that may have significant implications for the design
of quantum computing chips. Their surprising discovery brings
back to life the paradoxical 'Maxwell's demo', which has tormented
physicists for over 150 years.



FULL STORY ========================================================================== Researchers from Trinity College Dublin have discovered a uniquely quantum effect in erasing information that may have significant implications for
the design of quantum computing chips. Their surprising discovery brings
back to life the paradoxical "Maxwell's demon," which has tormented
physicists for over 150 years.


==========================================================================
The thermodynamics of computation was brought to the fore in 1961
when Rolf Landauer, then at IBM, discovered a relationship between the dissipation of heat and logically irreversible operations. Landauer is
known for the mantra "Information is Physical," which reminds us that information is not abstract and is encoded on physical hardware.

The "bit" is the currency of information (it can be either 0 or 1)
and Landauer discovered that when a bit is erased there is a minimum
amount of heat released. This is known as Landauer's bound and is the definitive link between information theory and thermodynamics.

Professor John Goold's QuSys group at Trinity is analysing this topic
with quantum computing in mind, where a quantum bit (a qubit, which can
be 0 and 1 at the same time) is erased.

In just-published work in the journal, Physical Review Letters, the group discovered that the quantum nature of the information to be erased can
lead to large deviations in the heat dissipation, which is not present
in conventional bit erasure.

Thermodynamics and Maxwell's demon One hundred years previous to
Landauer's discovery people like Viennese scientist, Ludwig Boltzmann,
and Scottish physicist, James Clerk Maxwell, were formulating the kinetic theory of gases, reviving an old idea of the ancient Greeks by thinking
about matter being made of atoms and deriving macroscopic thermodynamics
from microscopic dynamics.



========================================================================== Professor Goold says: "Statistical mechanics tells us that things like
pressure and temperature, and even the laws of thermodynamics themselves,
can be understood by the average behavior of the atomic constituents of
matter. The second law of thermodynamics concerns something called entropy which, in a nutshell, is a measure of the disorder in a process. The
second law tells us that in the absence of external intervention, all
processes in the universe tend, on average, to increase their entropy
and reach a state known as thermal equilibrium.

"It tells us that, when mixed, two gases at different temperatures will
reach a new state of equilibrium at the average temperature of the two. It
is the ultimate law in the sense that every dynamical system is subject
to it. There is no escape: all things will reach equilibrium, even you!" However, the founding fathers of statistical mechanics were trying to pick holes in the second law right from the beginning of the kinetic theory.

Consider again the example of a gas in equilibrium: Maxwell imagined a hypothetical "neat-fingered" being with the ability to track and sort
particles in a gas based on their speed.

Maxwell's demon, as the being became known, could quickly open and shut a
trap door in a box containing a gas, and let hot particles through to one
side of the box but restrict cold ones to the other. This scenario seems
to contradict the second law of thermodynamics as the overall entropy
appears to decrease and perhaps physics' most famous paradox was born.



==========================================================================
But what about Landauer's discovery about the heat-dissipated cost of
erasing information? Well, it took another 20 years until that was fully appreciated, the paradox solved, and Maxwell's demon finally exorcised.

Landauer's work inspired Charlie Bennett -- also at IBM -- to investigate
the idea of reversible computing. In 1982 Bennett argued that the demon
must have a memory, and that it is not the measurement but the erasure of
the information in the demon's memory which is the act that restores the
second law in the paradox. And, as a result, computation thermodynamics
was born.

New findings Now, 40 years on, this is where the new work led by Professor Goold's group comes to the fore, with the spotlight on quantum computation thermodynamics.

In the recent paper, published with collaborator Harry Miller at the
University of Manchester and two postdoctoral fellows in the QuSys Group
at Trinity, Mark Mitchison and Giacomo Guarnieri, the team studied very carefully an experimentally realistic erasure process that allows for
quantum superposition (the qubit can be in state 0 and 1 at same time).

Professor Goold explains: "In reality, computers function well away from Landauer's bound for heat dissipation because they are not perfect
systems. However, it is still important to think about the bound
because as the miniaturisation of computing components continues, that
bound becomes ever closer, and it is becoming more relevant for quantum computing machines. What is amazing is that with technology these days
you can really study erasure approaching that limit.

"We asked: 'what difference does this distinctly quantum feature
make for the erasure protocol?' And the answer was something we did
not expect. We found that even in an ideal erasure protocol -- due to
quantum superposition -- you get very rare events which dissipate heat
far greater than the Landauer limit.

"In the paper we prove mathematically that these events exist and are a uniquely quantum feature. This is a highly unusual finding that could be
really important for heat management on future quantum chips -- although
there is much more work to be done, in particular in analysing faster operations and the thermodynamics of other gate implementations.

"Even in 2020, Maxwell's demon continues to pose fundamental questions
about the laws of nature."

========================================================================== Story Source: Materials provided by Trinity_College_Dublin. Note:
Content may be edited for style and length.


========================================================================== Journal Reference:
1. Harry J. D. Miller, Giacomo Guarnieri, Mark T. Mitchison,
John
Goold. Quantum Fluctuations Hinder Finite-Time Information Erasure
near the Landauer Limit. Physical Review Letters, 2020; 125 (16)
DOI: 10.1103/ PhysRevLett.125.160602 ==========================================================================

Link to news story: https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2020/10/201016100926.htm

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