Experimental vaccine that boosts antigen production shows promise
against COVID-19
In animal studies, nanoparticle treatment induces antibodies against SARS-CoV-2

Date:
September 2, 2020
Source:
Ohio State University
Summary:
A bioengineering technique to boost production of specific
proteins could be the basis of an effective vaccine against the
novel coronavirus that causes COVID-19, new research suggests.



FULL STORY ==========================================================================
A bioengineering technique to boost production of specific proteins could
be the basis of an effective vaccine against the novel coronavirus that
causes COVID-19, new research suggests.


========================================================================== Scientists manipulated a natural cellular process to ramp up levels
of two proteins used by the virus to infect other cells, packaged the protein-boosting instructions in nanoparticles and injected them into
mice. Within a month, the mice had developed antibodies against the
SARS-CoV-2 virus.

The technique involves altering specific sequences of messenger
RNA, molecules that translate genetic information into functional
proteins. While these sequences are not translated to proteins, the
researchers changed their structures to promote higher-than-usual levels
of proteins. The sequences are known as untranslated regions, or UTRs.

"We've been engineering messenger RNA for four years, and earlier
this year we made some progress identifying a role for UTRs -- and
then COVID-19 happened," said Yizhou Dong, senior author of the study
and associate professor of pharmaceutics and pharmacology at The Ohio
State University.

Though Phase 3 clinical trials of fast-tracked COVID-19 vaccine
candidates are in progress, Dong said his lab's platform offers a
potential alternative.

"If the current vaccines work well, that's wonderful. In case the field
needs this, then it's an option. It worked as a vaccine is expected to,
and we can scale this up very fast," he said. "For now, it's a proof of
concept -- we've demonstrated we can optimize a sequence of messenger RNA
to improve protein production, produce antigens and induce antibodies
against those specific antigens." The study is published today in the
journal Advanced Materials.



==========================================================================
The crux of the method is typical to vaccine development: using snippets
of a pathogen's structure to produce an antigen -- the foreign substance
that triggers an appropriate immune response -- and finding a safe way
to introduce it to the body.

But the engineering technique takes antigen design to a new level by
making use of messenger RNA UTRs, Dong said.

His lab worked with the two UTRs that bookend the start and finish
of protein assembly, functioning as regulators of that process and
influencing how the resulting protein interacts with others. UTRs
themselves are strings of nucleotides, the molecules that compose RNA
and DNA.

"For our application we tried to optimize the UTRs to improve the protein production process. We wanted as much protein produced as possible --
so we can give a small dose of messenger RNA that produces enough antigen
to induce antibodies against the virus," Dong said.

The team experimented with two potential antigens that the novel
coronavirus is known to use to cause infection: a spike protein on its
surface and a receptor binding domain, a component of the spike protein,
that the virus uses to make its way into host cells -- a necessary step
to make copies of itself. Both are used in other SARS-CoV-2 vaccine
candidates.



========================================================================== After manipulating the messenger RNA for these two proteins, the team
encased them in lipid nanoparticles developed previously in Dong's
lab. They injected mice with the experimental vaccine and gave them a
booster two weeks later. A month after the first injection, immune cells
in the mice had taken up the antigens of the two proteins and developed antibodies against them.

"It takes some time for the immune system to process the antigens and
have cells produce antibodies," Dong said. "In this study, we detected antibodies after 30 days." And even if this vaccine candidate is not
needed for COVID-19, he is continuing to refine this latest method of engineering messenger RNA.

"UTR is a platform that we can apply to any type of messenger RNA. We
are exploring other therapeutics," Dong said.

This work was funded by a National Institutes of Health Maximizing Investigators' Research Award, the National Institute of General Medical Sciences and the Ohio State College of Pharmacy startup fund.

Co-authors, all from Ohio State, include Chunxi Zeng, Xucheng Hou,
Jingyue Yan, Chengxiang Zhang, Wenqing Li, Weiyu Zhao and Shi Du.


========================================================================== Story Source: Materials provided by Ohio_State_University. Original
written by Emily Caldwell. Note: Content may be edited for style and
length.


========================================================================== Journal Reference:
1. Chunxi Zeng, Xucheng Hou, Jingyue Yan, Chengxiang Zhang, Wenqing Li,
Weiyu Zhao, Shi Du, Yizhou Dong. Leveraging mRNA Sequences and
Nanoparticles to Deliver SARS‐CoV‐2 Antigens In Vivo.

Advanced Materials, 2020; 2004452 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202004452 ==========================================================================

Link to news story: https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2020/09/200902152836.htm

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