Back to the future: New study could lead to bumper crops

Date:
July 14, 2020
Source:
Australian National University
Summary:
Research could lead to major improvements in crop production. The
study shows a new way to help study and ramp up photosynthesis.



FULL STORY ========================================================================== Research led by scientists at The Australian National University (ANU)
could lead to major improvements in crop production.


==========================================================================
The study shows a new way to help study and ramp up photosynthesis. The breakthrough is based on revisiting an original, billion-year-old strategy
in plants.

It looks specifically at rubisco activity -- a crucial part of the
process according to co-author Professor Spencer Whitney from the ARC
Centre of Excellence for Translational Photosynthesis at ANU.

"Rubisco is an enzyme involved in the first step of carbon fixation --
it starts the conversion of carbon dioxide into plant sugars," he said.

"But compared to other enzymes, rubisco is considered a slow, inefficient catalyst.

"Many enzymes can process hundreds to thousands of molecules per second,
but rubisco can only get through two to five cycles per second.



==========================================================================
"For this reason, it's long been recognised as a good target for
improving photosynthesis -- it's a puzzle scientists have been looking
at for decades." In plants rubisco is made up of 16 proteins -- eight
large and eight small subunits. Until now scientists have only been able
to tinker with one subunit at a time.

"We've now turned back the clock a billion years to rectify this
limitation," Professor Whitney said.

"By reapplying the genome design of the bacterial ancestors of
chloroplasts we can now play around with all the components of rubisco simultaneously.

"This is crucial. To ramp up its activity you have to make changes to
all the components." It could mean big gains for canola and potato crop
in particular.

"We know we can already tinker with rubisco activity in these crops,
so it's a great place to start," Professor Whitney said.

"This is the just the first step -- this technology could eventually
deliver something much bigger in the not so distant future."

========================================================================== Story Source: Materials provided by Australian_National_University. Note: Content may be edited for style and length.


========================================================================== Journal Reference:
1. Elena Martin-Avila, Yi-Leen Lim, Rosemary Birch, Lynnette M.A. Dirk,
Sally Buck, Timothy Rhodes, Robert E Sharwood, Maxim V. Kapralov,
Spencer M Whitney. Modifying Plant Photosynthesis and Growth
via Simultaneous Chloroplast Transformation of Rubisco Large
and Small Subunits. The Plant Cell, 2020; tpc.00288.2020 DOI:
10.1105/tpc.20.00288 ==========================================================================

Link to news story: https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2020/07/200714101249.htm

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