Children use both brain hemispheres to understand language, unlike
adults

Date:
September 7, 2020
Source:
Georgetown University Medical Center
Summary:
Infants and young children have brains with a superpower, of sorts,
say neuroscientists. Whereas adults process most discrete neural
tasks in specific areas in one or the other of their brain's two
hemispheres, youngsters use both the right and left hemispheres
to do the same task.

The finding suggests a possible reason why children appear to
recover from neural injury much easier than adults.



FULL STORY ========================================================================== Infants and young children have brains with a superpower, of sorts,
say Georgetown University Medical Center neuroscientists. Whereas adults process most discrete neural tasks in specific areas in one or the other
of their brain's two hemispheres, youngsters use both the right and left hemispheres to do the same task. The finding suggests a possible reason
why children appear to recover from neural injury much easier than adults.


==========================================================================
The study published Sept. 7, 2020 in PNAS focuses on one task, language,
and finds that to understand language (more specifically, processing
spoken sentences), children use both hemispheres. This finding fits with previous and ongoing research, led by Georgetown neurology professor
Elissa L. Newport, PhD, a former postdoctoral fellow Olumide Olulade,
MD, PhD, and neurology assistant professor Anna Greenwald, PhD.

"This is very good news for young children who experience a neural
injury," says Newport, director of the Center for Brain Plasticity and Recovery, a joint enterprise of Georgetown University and MedStar National Rehabilitation Network. "Use of both hemispheres provides a mechanism to compensate after a neural injury. For example, if the left hemisphere is damaged from a perinatal stroke -- one that occurs right after birth --
a child will learn language using the right hemisphere. A child born
with cerebral palsy that damages only one hemisphere can develop needed cognitive abilities in the other hemisphere.

Our study demonstrates how that is possible." Their study solves a
mystery that has puzzled clinicians and neuroscientists for a long time,
says Newport.

In almost all adults, sentence processing is possible only in the left hemisphere, according to both brain scanning research and clinical
findings of language loss in patients who suffered a left hemisphere
stroke.

But in very young children, damage to either hemisphere is unlikely to
result in language deficits; language can be recovered in many patients
even if the left hemisphere is severely damaged. These facts suggest
that language is distributed to both hemispheres early in life, Newport
says. However, traditional scanning had not revealed the details of
these phenomena until now.

"It was unclear whether strong left dominance for language is present
at birth or appears gradually during development," explains Newport.



==========================================================================
Now, using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) analyzed in a more complex way, the researchers have shown that the adult lateralization
pattern is not established in young children and that both hemispheres participate in language during early development.

Brain networks that localize specific tasks to one or the other hemisphere start during childhood but are not complete until a child is about 10
or 11, she says. "We now have a better platform upon which to understand
brain injury and recovery." The study, originally run by collaborators
William D. Gaillard, MD, and Madison M. Berl, PhD, of Children's National Medical Center, enrolled 39 healthy children, ages 4-13; Newport's lab
added 14 adults, ages 18-29, and conducted a series of new analyses
of both groups. The participants were given a well- studied sentence comprehension task. The analyses examined fMRI activation patterns in
each hemisphere of the individual participants, rather than looking at
overall lateralization in group averages. Investigators then compared the language activation maps for four age groups: 4-6, 7-9, 10-13, and 18-29.

Penetrance maps revealed the percentage of subjects in each age group
with significant language activation in each voxel of each hemisphere. (A
voxel is a tiny point in the brain image, like a pixel on a television monitor.) Investigators also performed a whole-brain analysis across
all participants to identify brain areas in which language activation
was correlated with age.

Researchers found that, at the group level, even young children show
left- lateralized language activation. However, a large proportion
of the youngest children also show significant activation in the
corresponding right-hemisphere areas. (In adults, the corresponding
area in the right hemisphere is activated in quite different tasks,
for example, processing emotions expressed with the voice. In young
children, areas in both hemispheres are each engaged in comprehending
the meaning of sentences as well as recognizing the emotional affect.)
Newport believes that the "higher levels of right hemisphere activation
in a sentence processing task and the slow decline in this activation
over development are reflections of changes in the neural distribution
of language functions and not merely developmental changes in sentence comprehension strategies." She also says that, if the team were able to
do the same analysis in even younger children, "it is likely we would see
even greater functional involvement of the right hemisphere in language processing than we see in our youngest participants (ages 4-6 years old).

"Our findings suggest that the normal involvement of the right hemisphere
in language processing during very early childhood may permit the
maintenance and enhancement of right hemisphere development if the left hemisphere is injured," Newport says.

The investigators are now examining language activation in teenagers
and young adults who have had a major left hemisphere stroke at birth.


========================================================================== Story Source: Materials provided by
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Link to news story: https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2020/09/200907163333.htm

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