Blue whales switch to daytime singing before migrating

Date:
October 1, 2020
Source:
Stanford University
Summary:
Through the use of two advanced audio recording technologies,
researchers have found that blue whales switch from nighttime to
daytime singing when they are starting to migrate.



FULL STORY ==========================================================================
The blue whale is the largest animal on Earth. It's also among the
loudest.


========================================================================== "Sound is a vital mode of communication in the ocean environment,
especially over long distances," said William Oestreich, a
graduate student in biology at Stanford University's Hopkins Marine
Station. "Light, or any sort of visual cue, is often not as effective
in the ocean as it is on land. So many marine organisms use sound for a
variety of purposes, including communicating and targeting food through echolocation." Although whale songs have been studied for decades,
researchers have had limited success in deciphering their meaning. Now,
by recording both individual whales and their greater populations in
the Northeast Pacific, researchers from Stanford and the Monterey Bay
Aquarium Research Institute (MBARI) have identified patterns in the
trills and bellows of blue whales that indicate when the animals are
migrating from their feeding grounds off the North American coast to
their breeding grounds off Central America. Their research was published
Oct. 1 in Current Biology.

"We decided to compare daytime and nighttime song patterns from month
to month, and there, in the divergence and convergence of two lines, was
this beautiful signal that neither of us really expected," said John Ryan,
a biological oceanographer at MBARI and senior author of the paper. "As
soon as that image popped up on the screen, Will and I were both like,
'Hello, behavior.'" Further analysis across the five years of hydrophone recordings could reveal new information about blue whale migration,
a 4,000-mile journey that ranks among the longest in the world -- and
which the creatures repeat every year.

Despite the immensity of blue whales and their travels, scientists know
very little about their behaviors, such as how they are responding to
changes in the ecosystem and food supply from year to year. Being able
to predict the travel of whales along this important route could also
help prevent ship strikes.

Supping and singing To capture whales singing solo and in chorus, the researchers used two advanced recording technologies: an underwater
microphone -- or hydrophone -- and tags that the researchers placed on individual whales.



==========================================================================
In 2015, MBARI deposited a hydrophone 18 miles off the Monterey coast,
3,000 feet (900 meters) under sea level. The hydrophone is wired to
their MARS undersea cabled observatory, which provides it with power
and communications.

This seafloor eavesdropper has recorded the deep ocean soundscape almost continuously for more than five years.

"The hydrophone fits in your hand," said Ryan, who recommends
listening to the hydrophone livestream in fall for optimal whale music (although only the humpback whale song can be heard through ordinary
speakers). "It's a little instrument that produces big data -- about
two terabytes per month." By focusing on the whale song wavelengths
in the hydrophone data, the researchers noticed a distinct change over
several months. Through the summers, the whale arias grew louder and
were sung mostly at nighttime. Over the five years of data, the whale
chorus was loudest around October and November, and singing happened
more at nighttime. Following each annual peak in song activity, as
the whales began to depart for warmer waters, singing became more of a
daytime activity.

While daytime versus nighttime differences in singing behavior had
been noted in previous research, the whale-borne tags, developed by the
lab of Stanford biologist Jeremy Goldbogen, helped explain what these
24-hour patterns and their inversion in late autumn could mean. Fifteen
tags tracked the sounds of their carriers through accelerometer
measurements -- which monitor vibrations - - and, in some cases,
integrated hydrophones. In the summer, the whales spent much of the
daytime feasting, bulking up for the long journey ahead and reserved
their musical interludes for nighttime. When the time came, migration
was again accompanied by daytime songs.

"In the hydrophone data, we saw really strong patterns over this enormous spatial domain. When we saw the exact same pattern on individual animals,
we realized that what we'd been measuring over hundreds of kilometers
is actually a real behavioral signal -- and one that represents the
behavior of many different whales," said Oestreich. "As an ecologist,
it's very exciting to observe so many whales, simultaneously, using
one instrument." Listening and learning


==========================================================================
This research lays the groundwork for possibly predicting blue whale
migration based on the transitions between the different song schedules
-- such forecasts could be used to warn shipping lanes further down the
coast, like air traffic control but for the ocean. The researchers also
hope that further analysis of the acoustic data will reveal more about
whale behavior in response to environmental changes, such as warming
waters and fickle food supplies.

"If, for example, we can detect differences in migration and foraging in response to changes in the environment, that is a really powerful and
important way to keep an eye on this critically endangered species,"
said Goldbogen, who is an assistant professor of biology in the School
of Humanities and Sciences and also senior author of the paper. "That's economically important, ecologically important and also culturally
important." Already, Oestreich is pursuing a related question: If we can
use this signal to determine whether whales are foraging or migrating, are whales using it that way too? It's possible, said Oestreich, that a lone
whale might listen around before giving up on feeding and heading south.

"Blue whales exist at incredibly low densities with enormous distances
between them but, clearly, are sharing information in some way," said Oestreich.

"Trying to understand that information sharing is one motivation,
but also potentially using that signaling as a means to study them is
another exciting possibility." This research was funded by the National Science Foundation, Stanford University, the David and Lucile Packard Foundation, the Office of Naval Research, the Office of Naval Operations (Living Marine Resources program) and the California Ocean Alliance. This research was conducted under National Marine Fisheries Service permit
16111 and 21678.


========================================================================== Story Source: Materials provided by Stanford_University. Original written
by Taylor Kubota.

Note: Content may be edited for style and length.


========================================================================== Journal Reference:
1. William K. Oestreich, James A. Fahlbusch, David E. Cade, John
Calambokidis, Tetyana Margolina, John Joseph, Ari S. Friedlaender,
Megan F. McKenna, Alison K. Stimpert, Brandon L. Southall, Jeremy
A. Goldbogen, John P. Ryan. Animal-Borne Metrics Enable Acoustic
Detection of Blue Whale Migration. Current Biology, 2020; DOI:
10.1016/j.cub.2020.08.105 ==========================================================================

Link to news story: https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2020/10/201001113632.htm

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