New study explores if flirting is real and shows it can work

Date:
September 14, 2020
Source:
University of Kansas
Summary:
Misunderstandings about flirting can potentially result in
awkwardness or even accusations of sexual harassment. How can we
figure out what other people mean when they smile at us? Is there
a unique, identifiable facial expression representing flirting --
and if there is, what does it convey, and how effective is it?


FULL STORY ==========================================================================
"She was totally flirting with you," my friend told me after the hosts
left our table.


==========================================================================
"No, she wasn't. She was just being polite," said another friend.

Misunderstandings about flirting can potentially result in awkwardness or
even accusations of sexual harassment. How can we figure out what other
people mean when they smile at us? Is there a unique, identifiable facial expression representing flirting -- and if there is, what does it convey,
and how effective is it? Although flirting is mentioned a lot in the
general media, and examples are everywhere, there is relatively little scientific work on the topic of flirting, its underlying mechanisms
and function.

Now, a new paper by researchers based at the University of Kansas has
been published in the Journal of Sex Research examining if flirting has
a particular facial cue effectively used by women to indicate interest
in a man.

"There are very few scientific articles out there that have systematically studied this well-known phenomenon," said Omri Gillath, professor of
psychology at KU, who co-wrote the paper. "None of these studies have identified the flirting facial expression and tested its effects."
Gillath's collaborators were lead author Parnia Haj-Mohamadi, a doctoral student in psychology at KU, and Erika Rosenberg of the University of California-Davis.



==========================================================================
The researchers found internal states -- such as being romantically or
sexually interested in someone -- can be conveyed to others nonverbally
through facial expression.

In other words -- flirting works.

"Across our six studies, we found most men were able to recognize a
certain female facial expression as representing flirting," Gillath
said. "It has a unique morphology, and it's different from expressions
that have similar features -- for example, smiling -- but aren't
identified by men as flirting expression." In the studies, women --
some professional actresses and some volunteers from the community --
were asked either to spontaneously pose a flirting expression (similar
to what they'd use at a bar to get attention from a potential mate)
or to follow instructions based on existing anthropological literature
for what researchers define as flirting.

The team found some women are more effective than others in effectively conveying a flirtatious facial cue, while some men are better at
recognizing this cue. Beyond these individual differences, a few
expressions were identified by most (if not all) men as flirting.



==========================================================================
The researchers used the Facial Action Coding System (FACS) to classify
the morphology of highly recognized flirtatious facial expressions. The
coding showed the most effective flirting cues include a head turned
to one side and tilted down slightly, a slight smile, and eyes turned
forward toward the implied target.

After identifying these most recognized expressions of flirting, the researchers used them in experimental studies.

"Our findings support the role of flirtatious expression in communication
and mating initiation," Gillath said. "For the first time, not only were
we able to isolate and identify the expressions that represent flirting,
but we were also able to reveal their function -- to activate associations related with relationships and sex." The new paper puts flirting in the
same category as other well-studied emotions and provides researchers
with tools to further study the functions of flirting.

It can also give sometimes-clueless men, like the one in the example
above, a more concrete way to figure out if a woman is truly flirting.


========================================================================== Story Source: Materials provided by University_of_Kansas. Note: Content
may be edited for style and length.


========================================================================== Journal Reference:
1. Parnia Haj-Mohamadi, Omri Gillath, Erika L. Rosenberg. Identifying a
Facial Expression of Flirtation and Its Effect on Men. The Journal
of Sex Research, 2020; 1 DOI: 10.1080/00224499.2020.1805583 ==========================================================================

Link to news story: https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2020/09/200914112143.htm

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