• ES Picture of the Day 27 2021

    From Black Panther@21:1/186 to All on Wed Jan 27 19:01:10 2021
    EPOD - a service of USRA

    The Earth Science Picture of the Day (EPOD) highlights the diverse processes and phenomena which shape our planet and our lives. EPOD will collect and archive photos, imagery, graphics, and artwork with short explanatory
    captions and links exemplifying features within the Earth system. The
    community is invited to contribute digital imagery, short captions and
    relevant links.


    The Huntington Mammoth

    January 27, 2021

    Mammoth08c_2nov17

    Photographer: Ray Boren
    Summary Author: Ray Boren

    Likely among the last of its nearly extinct species, somehow the
    elephantine creature seen reconstructed above had found refuge at
    an unusually high elevation, for a primarily plains-oriented
    grassland animal — about 9,600 feet (2,926 m) on central Utah’s
    Wasatch Plateau. And there, in a time of climate change at the end
    of Earth’s Pleistocene ice age — a devastating juncture for
    North America’s megafauna — the Huntington Mammoth, a grizzled
    bull perhaps 60 to 65 years old, died in a bog. Contributing to its
    death were old age, deforming arthritis and malnutrition, researchers
    say. The cold muck helped refrigerate and preserve the remains. About
    10,500 years later (as determined by radiocarbon dating), in the
    summer of 1988, a bulldozer operator and crew working at the site of
    the Huntington Dam uncovered a massive humerus (a leg bone) and
    part of a tusk. More discoveries were to come.
    Today this Columbian mammoth ( Mammuthus columbi), a relative of
    modern elephants and a contemporary of the mastodon, is considered
    a morphological exemplar of its vanished species. During subsequent
    excavation and recovery, a remarkable 95 percent of its skeleton,
    including the skull and right down to little toe bones, was retrieved.
    Also found were cells preserving its DNA and examples of what the
    creature last ate, including grasses, sedges and twigs. The fragile
    bones are preserved and monitored in climate-controlled storage at the
    Utah State University Eastern Prehistoric Museum (originally part
    of the College of Eastern Utah) in Price.
    IMAGE22 Mounted life-size cast replicas of the well-preserved
    Huntington Mammoth’s skeleton, featuring the species’ upwardly
    curved tusks, awe visitors in Price and at other museums near and
    far, as illustrated in the first photograph here, taken on Nov. 2,
    2017, inside the Fairview Museum of History and Art. The museum is
    in Utah’s Sanpete Valley, below the discovery location. The actual
    excavation site is just beyond and to the left of the trees shown in
    the inset photo, taken on July 19, 2014, below the Huntington Dam and
    its reservoir. Illustrated informational displays there describe the
    mammoth’s life, death, rediscovery and significance.
    Photo Details: Top - Camera: NIKON D3200; Exposure Time: 0.013s (1/80);
    Aperture: ƒ/9.0; ISO equivalent: 400; Focal Length (35mm): 28. Inset -
    same except: Exposure Time: 0.0020s (1/500); Aperture: ƒ/11.0; ISO
    equivalent: 400; Focal Length (35mm): 27
    * Mammoth Discovery Site, Utah: 39.58201, -111.24731

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    History Links

    * Paleoclimatology Data
    * USGS: Age of the Earth
    * What is Geologic Time?
    * GSA Geologic Time Scale
    * Earth Facts
    * Earth History Courses

    -
    Earth Science Picture of the Day is a service of the Universities
    Space Research Association.

    https://epod.usra.edu

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  • From Black Panther@21:1/186 to All on Tue Apr 27 10:00:38 2021
    EPOD - a service of USRA

    The Earth Science Picture of the Day (EPOD) highlights the diverse processes and phenomena which shape our planet and our lives. EPOD will collect and archive photos, imagery, graphics, and artwork with short explanatory
    captions and links exemplifying features within the Earth system. The
    community is invited to contribute digital imagery, short captions and
    relevant links.


    Terraces Dryland Farming

    April 27, 2021

    Menashe_dryland_Picture1

    Menashe_dryland_Picture2

    Photographer: Menashe Davidson
    Summary Author: Menashe Davidson

    Look deep into nature, and then you will understand everything better.
    - Albert Einstein

    ...and that's just what my wife and I did on a recent midwinter's walk
    among the agricultural terraces and walls (top) of the Judea
    mountain slopes. These walls were constructed using large local stones
    with gaps filled with smaller stones (bottom). The production of
    nutritional foods in this environment is a complex
    undertaking. Over the years, terraces have been developed to adapt to
    the presence or lack of moisture in a given crop cycle. The purpose
    of these terraces was to create flat terrain plots, with deep
    fertile soil that serves as a reserve of soil moisture. Flat
    plots avoid rainfall run-off, and excess soil erosion and
    allows infiltration of water. The Mediterranean climate here in
    Israel produces almost all of the annual rainfall during the winter
    season. Without another source of water, farmers grew seasonal crops
    ( cereals, legumes, pumpkins, etc.) that received all their
    moisture prior to harvest. Terracing permitted more intensive
    annual cropping than would otherwise be possible. Note that trees from
    modern planting exist only on the top of the mountain.
    * Judea Terraces, Israel Coordinates: 31.84614, 35.00159

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    Applied Sciences Links

    * BBC: World Water Crisis
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    * Mathematics in Nature
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    * Discover Life
    * Tree Encyclopedia
    * What are Phytoplankton?
    * Encyclopedia of Life - What is a Plant?
    * USDA Plants Database
    * University of Texas Native Plant Database
    * Plants in Motion
    * What Tree is It?

    -
    Earth Science Picture of the Day is a service of the Universities
    Space Research Association.

    https://epod.usra.edu

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  • From Black Panther@21:1/186 to All on Thu May 27 10:00:32 2021
    EPOD - a service of USRA

    The Earth Science Picture of the Day (EPOD) highlights the diverse processes and phenomena which shape our planet and our lives. EPOD will collect and archive photos, imagery, graphics, and artwork with short explanatory
    captions and links exemplifying features within the Earth system. The
    community is invited to contribute digital imagery, short captions and
    relevant links.


    Geodiversity atop Utah’s Velvet Ridge

    May 27, 2021

    RoyB_capreef300c_8april21 (002)

    RoyB_capreef290c_8april21 (002)

    Photographer: Ray Boren

    Summary Author: Ray Boren

    Velvet Ridge is a stretch of cliffs and other eye-catching
    formations that rise above the Fremont River between the small
    rural towns of Torrey and Bicknell in south-central Utah, west of
    Capitol Reef National Park. The ridge and the park share many of
    the same characteristics of geodiversity, which the National Park
    Service defines as a range of geologic resources, encompassing rocks,
    sediments, minerals, fossils, landforms and physical processes.

    The first photograph here, taken on April 8, 2021, showcases colorful
    features of the High Plateaus Section of North America’s vast
    Colorado Plateau, ranging from the sandstone cliffs in the high
    background, which in this region record 275 million years of Earth’s
    past, as well as evidence of ancient volcanism. The tinted clay in
    the foreground is bentonite, well-known in the nearby park. This
    formation is composed of volcanic ash, as well as silt, sand and mud,
    deposited in lakes and swamps during the Jurassic, 145 to 201
    million years ago.

    And then there’s that perplexing scatter of big black boulders,
    peppering red and white rock as well as lying atop the cracked clay
    slopes. The area’s boulders came from basalt and andesite
    cliffs on nearby Thousand Lake Mountain (elevation
    11,300 ft/3,444.2 m) and Boulder Mountain (11,317 ft/3,449 m), both
    prominent high plateaus. Elongated Boulder Mountain is visible to the
    south, across the valley of the Fremont River (also visible) in the
    second photo, also taken from atop the rim of Velvet Ridge on April 8.
    Geologists believe small Ice Age glaciers cut and quarried the high
    cliffs, and then erosion — via rockslides, landslides, meltwater
    streams and flash floods — over time distributed the boulders hither
    and thither across the complicated landscape.


    Capitol Reef, Utah Coordinates: 38.2, -111.166667


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    Geography Links

    * Atlapedia Online
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    -
    Earth Science Picture of the Day is a service of the Universities
    Space Research Association.

    https://epod.usra.edu

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  • From Black Panther@21:1/186 to All on Tue Jul 27 10:00:30 2021
    EPOD - a service of USRA

    The Earth Science Picture of the Day (EPOD) highlights the diverse processes and phenomena which shape our planet and our lives. EPOD will collect and archive photos, imagery, graphics, and artwork with short explanatory
    captions and links exemplifying features within the Earth system. The
    community is invited to contribute digital imagery, short captions and
    relevant links.


    Grebes Courtship Display

    July 27, 2021

    Grebes1

    Photographer: Mila Zinkova

    Summary Author: Mila Zinkova

    Western and Clark's Grebes both have a very elaborate courtship
    display. It culminates with the male and female rushing over the water,
    rising up on the water’s surface onto their feet, side by side
    “ with wings held up and back, necks curved, pattering with their
    powerful feet in what looks like a perfect bird ballet." Click here
    to see a video of this amazing display.

    A 2015 study explained the mechanisms that permit the grebes to
    “run” as they do: "First, rushing grebes use exceptionally high stride
    rates. Second, grebe foot size and high-water impact speed allow grebes
    to generate up to 30-55% of the required weight support through water
    slap alone. Finally, flattened foot bones reduce downward drag,
    permitting grebes to retract each foot from the water laterally."
    Running grebes can thus make between 14 and 20 steps per second.



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    Earth Science Picture of the Day is a service of the
    -
    Universities Space Research Association.

    https://epod.usra.edu

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  • From Black Panther@21:1/186 to All on Fri Aug 27 10:00:32 2021
    EPOD - a service of USRA

    The Earth Science Picture of the Day (EPOD) highlights the diverse processes and phenomena which shape our planet and our lives. EPOD will collect and archive photos, imagery, graphics, and artwork with short explanatory
    captions and links exemplifying features within the Earth system. The
    community is invited to contribute digital imagery, short captions and
    relevant links.


    Transit of the Sun by the International Space Station and Cicadas

    August 27, 2021


    IM2_22314-9_26-49_comp2_mid

    Photographer: Wayne Robinson
    Summary Author: Wayne Robinson

    The photo above shows a 5-second composite of a transit of the
    International Space Station (ISS) passing over the Sun as observed
    from my location in Bowie, Maryland. About 8 minutes before I activated
    the shutter, among the trillions and trillions of photons emitted
    by the Sun (about 1.5x10^43 photons), a very select number - about 4.5
    tera photons (4.5x10^12) - made it to my camera's detector. At the
    time, the Sun's disk was uniformly bright except for a sunspot
    about half-way out from the center -- at the 6:30 position. This spot,
    as with all sunspots, is dark due to a relative cooling of the Sun's
    surface caused by a local disturbance in its magnetic field.
    The ISS took only about 3.4 seconds to cross the solar disk. Note that
    at this time it was approximately 870 miles (1,400 km) from the camera.
    Just one second before the ISS transit occurred, a pair of winged
    creatures, likely periodical cicadas from Brood X, flew past
    the solar disk, taking perhaps ½ second to do so, giving the Sun's face
    on this exposure a number of curious "eyes." Photo taken June 8, 2021,
    at 7:30 p.m. (local time).
    Photo details: Canon 80D camera; Canon 400 mm telephoto lens; 2 x and
    1.4 x teleconverter.
    * Bowie, Maryland Coordinates: 39.0068, -76.7791

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    Sun Links

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    Earth Science Picture of the Day is a service of the Universities
    Space Research Association.

    https://epod.usra.edu

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  • From Black Panther@21:1/186 to All on Mon Sep 27 10:00:30 2021
    EPOD - a service of USRA

    The Earth Science Picture of the Day (EPOD) highlights the diverse processes and phenomena which shape our planet and our lives. EPOD will collect and archive photos, imagery, graphics, and artwork with short explanatory
    captions and links exemplifying features within the Earth system. The
    community is invited to contribute digital imagery, short captions and
    relevant links.


    Armored Mud Balls and Mud Cracks in Southern Utah

    September 27, 2021

    EPOD.MudballsWirePass

    Photographer: Tom McGuire

    Summary Author: Tom McGuire; Cadan Cummings

    The picture above features armored mud balls and soil cracking taken
    near the trailhead of the Wire Pass in Kane County, Utah.
    Armored mud balls are spherical soil formations composed of a
    mixture of silt, clay, sand, and gravel that form in stream beds or
    previously flooded areas. The diameter of mud balls usually ranges
    between 2 to 4 inches (5 to 10 cm), but it largely depends on the
    soil particles and gravel present. The size of the particles in a
    stream bed is directly related to the speed of the water. This
    means that when stream water slows down, larger particles like gravel
    and sand are deposited first, while smaller soil particles such as silt
    and clay can stay suspended in the water until the water is mostly
    stagnant. Sediments can be mud where flood water becomes stagnant, or
    pebbles deposited in a moderate current. As mud dries, it hardens and
    forms tessellated chunks caused by shrinking during
    desiccation.

    Cracked pieces of soil may be dislodged by wind or water, while the mud
    is still wet below the surface. The pieces become round as they are
    pushed along the surface. Rolling balls of sticky mud can pick up
    pebbles that “armor” them. These armored mud balls were found below the
    Buckskin Wash trailhead on the Utah-Arizona border. Mud balls can
    also be geologically preserved given the correct environmental
    conditions. Such examples include fossilized Triassic mud balls
    collected by Professor Richard Little, which are displayed in the
    Greenfield Community College Rock Park north of Amherst, Massachusetts.

    Photo Details: Olympus E-510: 42 mm, f/9, 1/250 second exposure,
    ISO-100
    * Kane County, Utah Coordinates: 37.019, -112.025

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    Geology Links

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    -
    Earth Science Picture of the Day is a service of the Universities
    Space Research Association.

    https://epod.usra.edu

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